![]() For example, coagulopathy is a common issue for COVID-19 patients 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, and risk of venous thromboembolism must be carefully managed 42. These conditions are also relevant for COVID-19. A 2012 meta-analysis found that, in addition to individual variants, a non-O blood type is among the most important genetic risk factors for venous thromboembolism 34. For example, genome-wide association studies have associated variants within ABO to activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme 7, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit 8, 9, 10, 11, von Willebrand factor 12, 13, 14, 15, myocardial infarction 16, 17, coronary artery disease 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, ischemic stroke 13, 19, 22, type 2 diabetes 23, 24, 25, and venous thromboembolism 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. This gene is associated with a number of other traits, including risk factors for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The ABO blood type trait reflects polymorphisms within the ABO gene. Conversely, however, they estimated lower odds of mechanical ventilation for all non-O types, though the estimated odds ratios were not statistically significant at the 5% level for this outcome. found 6 a higher risk of COVID-19 among A and a lower risk among O blood types. Similarly, using a meta-analysis of data from Italy and Spain, Ellinghaus et al. ![]() found a greater proportion of A and a lower proportion of O blood types among COVID-19 patients, relative to the general populations of Wuhan and Shenzhen 5. Using data from Wuhan and Shenzhen, Zhao et al. ![]() Recent work has demonstrated an association between ABO blood types and COVID-19 risk. A number of risk factors for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality are known, including age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases 3, 4. As of August 22, New York City has recorded 228,144 confirmed infections and 19,014 deaths 2. Within the United States, New York suffered among the worst outbreaks during the early phases of the pandemic. The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus) has spread rapidly across the globe and has caused over 21.1 million confirmed infections and over 761,000 deaths worldwide as of Aug1. ![]()
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